Normal Laboratory Values - The Body

Normal Laboratory Values - The Body

Normal Laboratory Values

March 24, 2010

• Important Notes
• Normal Laboratory Values
• Terminology

Important Notes

Each commercial laboratory has its own set of "normal" values, called "Normal Range" or "Reference Range" on your lab report. These values depend on the equipment or method used. Compare your results to the range shown on your lab report. Results that are "out of range" may not represent a problem. Your test results can be affected by several factors, including your age or gender, if you are pregnant, the time of day when the sample was taken, active infectons, stage of HIV disease, and food (some test samples need to be taken after you have fasted -- not eaten anything -- for several hours). Where normal values for men and women are different, they are indicated as W for women and M for men. Discuss "out of range" results with your health care provider.

The table below compares the units used in the United States with the "Système International d'Unités (SI units), a metric system used in many parts of the world. The last column, "To Convert US to SI Units," is the factor to multiply US lab values to convert them to SI units. To convert SI units to US units, divide the SI value by the conversion factor. See below for a terminology list.

Normal Laboratory Values

Laboratory Test	Normal Range in US Units	Normal Range in SI Units	To Convert US to SI Units
ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)	W 7-30 units/liter M 10-55 units/liter	W 0.12-0.50 µkat/liter M 0.17-0.92 µkat/liter	x 0.01667
Albumin	3.1 - 4.3 g/dl	31 - 43 g/liter	x 10
Alkaline Phosphatase	W 30-100 units/liter M 45-115 units/liter	W 0.5-1.67 µkat/liter W 0.75-1.92 µkat/liter	x 0.01667
Amylase (serum)	53-123 units/liter	0.88-2.05 nkat/liter	x 0.01667
AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)	W 9-25 units/liter M 10-40 units/liter	W 0.15-0.42 µkat/liter M 0.17-0.67 µkat/liter	x 0.01667
Basophils	0-3% of lymphocytes	0.0-0.3 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Bilirubin - Direct	0.0-0.4 mg/dl	0-7 µmol/liter	x 17.1
Bilirubin - Total	0.0-1.0 mg/dl	0-17 µmol/liter	x 17.1
Blood pressure	Normal: 120/70 to 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The top number is systolic pressure, when the heart is pumping. Bottom number is diastolic pressure then the heart is at rest. Blood pressure can be too low (hypotension) or too high (hypertension).		No conversion
C peptide	0.5-2.0 ng/ml	0.17-0.66 nmol/liter	x 0.33
Calcium, serum	8.5 -10.5 mg/dl	2.1-2.6 mmol/liter	x 0.25
Calcium, urine	0-300 mg/24h	0.0-7.5 mmol/24h	x 0.025
Cholesterol, total Desirable Marginal High	239 mg/dL	6.18 mmol/liter	x 0.02586
Cholesterol, LDL Desirable Marginal High Very High	190 mg/dL	4.91 mmol/liter	x 0.02586
Cholesterol, HDL Desirable Moderate Low (heart risk)	>60 mg/dL 40-60 mg/dL	>1.55 mmol/liter 1.03-1.55 mmol/liter	x 0.02586
Cortisol: serum	0-25 µg/dl (depends on time of day)	0-690 nmol/liter	x 27.59
Cortisol: free (urine)	20-70 µg/dl	55-193 nmol/24h	x 2.759
Creatine kinase	W 40-150 units/liter M 60-400 units/liter	W 0.67-2.50 µkat/liter M 1.00-6.67 µkat/liter	x 0.01667
DHEA	W 130-980 ng/dl M 180-1250 ng/dl	W 4.5-34.0 nmol/liter M 6.24-43.3 nmol/liter	x 0.03467
DHEA Sulfate	W Pre-menopause: 12-535 µg/dl W Post-menopause: 30-260 µg/dl M 10-619 µg/dl	W Pre-menopause: 120-5350 µg/liter W Post-menopause: 300-2600 µg/liter M 100-6190 µg/liter	x 10
Eosinophils	0-8% of white blood cells	0.0-0.8 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Sed Rate)	W<=30 mm/h M<=20 mm/h	W<=30 mm/h M<=20 mm/h	No conversion
Folate	3.1-17.5 ng/ml	7.0-39.7 nmol/liter	x 2.266
Glucose, urine	<0.05>	<0.003>	x 0.05551
Glucose, plasma	70-110 mg/dl	3.9-6.1 mmol/liter	x 0.05551
GGT (Gamma glutamyl transferase)	W <=45U/L M <=65 U/L	W <=45U/L M <=65 U/L	No conversion
Hematocrit	W 36.0% - 46.0% of red blood cells M 37.0% - 49.0% of red blood cells	W 0.36-0.46 fraction of red blood cells M 0.37-0.49 fraction of red blood cells	x 0.01
Hemoglobin	W 12.0-16.0 g/dl M 13.0-18.0 g/dl	W 7.4-9.9 mmol/liter M 8.1-11.2 mmol/liter	x 0.6206
LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) (total)	<=270 U/L	<=4.5 µkat/liter	x 0.016667
Lactic acid	0.5-2.2 mmol/liter	0.5-2.2 mmol/liter	No conversion
Leukocytes (WBC)	4.5-11.0x103/mm3	4.5-11.0x109/liter	No conversion
Lymphocytes	16%-46% of white blood cells	0.16-0.46 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)	25.0-35.0 pg/cell	25.0-35.0 pg/cell	No conversion
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)	31.0-37.0 g/dl	310-370 g/liter	x 10
MCV (Mean corpuscular volume)	W 78-102 µm3 M 78-100 µm3	W 78-102 fl M 78-100 fl	No conversion
Monocytes	4-11% of white blood cells	0.04-0.11 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Neutrophils	45%-75% of white blood cells	0.45-0.75 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Phosphorus	2.5 – 4.5 mg/dL	0.81-1.45 mmol/L	x 0.323
Platelets (Thrombocytes)	130 – 400 x 10 3µL	130 – 400 x 10 9L	No conversion
Potassium	3.4-5.0 mmol/liter	3.4-5.0 mmol/liter	No conversion
RBC (Red blood cell count)	W 3.9 – 5.2 x 106/µL3 M 4.4 – 5.8 x 10 6/µL3	W 3.9 – 5.2 x 1012/L M 4.4 – 5.8 x 10 12/L	No conversion
Sodium	135-145 mmol/liter	135-145 mmol/liter	No conversion
Testosterone, total (morning sample)	W 6-86 ng/dl M 270-1070 ng/dl	W 0.21-2.98 nmol/liter M 9.36-37.10 nmol/liter	x 0.03467
Testosterone, free Age 20-40 Age 41-60 Age 61-80	W 0.6-3.1, M 15.0-40.0 pg/ml W 0.4-2.5, M 13.0-35.0 pg/ml W 0.2-2.0, M 12.0-28.0 pg/ml	W 20.8-107.5, M 520-1387 pmol/liter W 13.9-86.7, M 451-1213 pmol/liter W 6.9-69.3, M 416-971 pmol/liter	x 34.67
Triglicerides (fasting) Normal Borderline High Very high	40-150 mg/dl 150-200 mg/dl 200-500 mg/dl >500 mg/dl	0.45-1.69 mmol/liter 1.69-2.26 mmol/liter 2.26-5.65 mmol/liter >5.65 mmol/liter	x 0.01129
Urea, plasma (BUN)	8-25 mg/dl	2.9-8.9 mmol/liter	x 0.357
Urinalysis - pH Specific gravity	5.0-9.0 1.001-1.035	5.0-9.0 1.001-1.035	No conversion
WBC (White blood cells, leukocytes)	4.5-11.0x10 3 /mm 3	4.5-11.0x10 9 liter	No conversion

Terminology

Units

gram : common measurement of weight. Used in this table: pg (picograms), g (grams), mg (milligrams), etc. per liter
katal (kat) : a unit of catalytic activity, used especially in the chemistry of enzymes. Used in this table: µkat (microkatals), nkat (nanokatals) per liter
micrometer (µm) : a unit of length. Mean Corpuscular Volume is expressed in cubic micrometers
mole : also "gram molecular weight," a quantity based on the atomic weight of the substance. Many test results in the Système Internationale are expressed as the number of moles per liter. In US units, these measurements are usually in grams per liter. Used in this table: mmol (millimoles), µmol, (micromoles), nmol (nanomoles), pmol (picomoles) per liter

Some units of measurement include the following fractions and multipliers:
mega (M) : 10 ⁶ or x1,000,000
kilo (k) : 10 ³ or x1,000
deca or deka : 10 ¹ or x10
deci (d) : 10 ^-1 or ÷10
milli (m) : 10 ^-3 or ÷1,000
micro (µ) : 10 ^-6 or ÷1,000,000
nano (n) : 10 ^-9 or ÷1,000,000,000
pico (p) : 10 ^-12 or ÷1,000,000,000,000

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This article was provided by AIDS InfoNet.

Normal Laboratory Values - The Body

Normal Laboratory Values - The Body

Normal Laboratory Values

March 24, 2010

• Important Notes
• Normal Laboratory Values
• Terminology

Important Notes

Each commercial laboratory has its own set of "normal" values, called "Normal Range" or "Reference Range" on your lab report. These values depend on the equipment or method used. Compare your results to the range shown on your lab report. Results that are "out of range" may not represent a problem. Your test results can be affected by several factors, including your age or gender, if you are pregnant, the time of day when the sample was taken, active infectons, stage of HIV disease, and food (some test samples need to be taken after you have fasted -- not eaten anything -- for several hours). Where normal values for men and women are different, they are indicated as W for women and M for men. Discuss "out of range" results with your health care provider.

The table below compares the units used in the United States with the "Système International d'Unités (SI units), a metric system used in many parts of the world. The last column, "To Convert US to SI Units," is the factor to multiply US lab values to convert them to SI units. To convert SI units to US units, divide the SI value by the conversion factor. See below for a terminology list.

Normal Laboratory Values

Laboratory Test	Normal Range in US Units	Normal Range in SI Units	To Convert US to SI Units
ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)	W 7-30 units/liter M 10-55 units/liter	W 0.12-0.50 µkat/liter M 0.17-0.92 µkat/liter	x 0.01667
Albumin	3.1 - 4.3 g/dl	31 - 43 g/liter	x 10
Alkaline Phosphatase	W 30-100 units/liter M 45-115 units/liter	W 0.5-1.67 µkat/liter W 0.75-1.92 µkat/liter	x 0.01667
Amylase (serum)	53-123 units/liter	0.88-2.05 nkat/liter	x 0.01667
AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)	W 9-25 units/liter M 10-40 units/liter	W 0.15-0.42 µkat/liter M 0.17-0.67 µkat/liter	x 0.01667
Basophils	0-3% of lymphocytes	0.0-0.3 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Bilirubin - Direct	0.0-0.4 mg/dl	0-7 µmol/liter	x 17.1
Bilirubin - Total	0.0-1.0 mg/dl	0-17 µmol/liter	x 17.1
Blood pressure	Normal: 120/70 to 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The top number is systolic pressure, when the heart is pumping. Bottom number is diastolic pressure then the heart is at rest. Blood pressure can be too low (hypotension) or too high (hypertension).		No conversion
C peptide	0.5-2.0 ng/ml	0.17-0.66 nmol/liter	x 0.33
Calcium, serum	8.5 -10.5 mg/dl	2.1-2.6 mmol/liter	x 0.25
Calcium, urine	0-300 mg/24h	0.0-7.5 mmol/24h	x 0.025
Cholesterol, total Desirable Marginal High	239 mg/dL	6.18 mmol/liter	x 0.02586
Cholesterol, LDL Desirable Marginal High Very High	190 mg/dL	4.91 mmol/liter	x 0.02586
Cholesterol, HDL Desirable Moderate Low (heart risk)	>60 mg/dL 40-60 mg/dL	>1.55 mmol/liter 1.03-1.55 mmol/liter	x 0.02586
Cortisol: serum	0-25 µg/dl (depends on time of day)	0-690 nmol/liter	x 27.59
Cortisol: free (urine)	20-70 µg/dl	55-193 nmol/24h	x 2.759
Creatine kinase	W 40-150 units/liter M 60-400 units/liter	W 0.67-2.50 µkat/liter M 1.00-6.67 µkat/liter	x 0.01667
DHEA	W 130-980 ng/dl M 180-1250 ng/dl	W 4.5-34.0 nmol/liter M 6.24-43.3 nmol/liter	x 0.03467
DHEA Sulfate	W Pre-menopause: 12-535 µg/dl W Post-menopause: 30-260 µg/dl M 10-619 µg/dl	W Pre-menopause: 120-5350 µg/liter W Post-menopause: 300-2600 µg/liter M 100-6190 µg/liter	x 10
Eosinophils	0-8% of white blood cells	0.0-0.8 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Sed Rate)	W<=30 mm/h M<=20 mm/h	W<=30 mm/h M<=20 mm/h	No conversion
Folate	3.1-17.5 ng/ml	7.0-39.7 nmol/liter	x 2.266
Glucose, urine	<0.05>	<0.003>	x 0.05551
Glucose, plasma	70-110 mg/dl	3.9-6.1 mmol/liter	x 0.05551
GGT (Gamma glutamyl transferase)	W <=45U/L M <=65 U/L	W <=45U/L M <=65 U/L	No conversion
Hematocrit	W 36.0% - 46.0% of red blood cells M 37.0% - 49.0% of red blood cells	W 0.36-0.46 fraction of red blood cells M 0.37-0.49 fraction of red blood cells	x 0.01
Hemoglobin	W 12.0-16.0 g/dl M 13.0-18.0 g/dl	W 7.4-9.9 mmol/liter M 8.1-11.2 mmol/liter	x 0.6206
LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) (total)	<=270 U/L	<=4.5 µkat/liter	x 0.016667
Lactic acid	0.5-2.2 mmol/liter	0.5-2.2 mmol/liter	No conversion
Leukocytes (WBC)	4.5-11.0x103/mm3	4.5-11.0x109/liter	No conversion
Lymphocytes	16%-46% of white blood cells	0.16-0.46 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)	25.0-35.0 pg/cell	25.0-35.0 pg/cell	No conversion
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)	31.0-37.0 g/dl	310-370 g/liter	x 10
MCV (Mean corpuscular volume)	W 78-102 µm3 M 78-100 µm3	W 78-102 fl M 78-100 fl	No conversion
Monocytes	4-11% of white blood cells	0.04-0.11 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Neutrophils	45%-75% of white blood cells	0.45-0.75 fraction of white blood cells	x 0.01
Phosphorus	2.5 – 4.5 mg/dL	0.81-1.45 mmol/L	x 0.323
Platelets (Thrombocytes)	130 – 400 x 10 3µL	130 – 400 x 10 9L	No conversion
Potassium	3.4-5.0 mmol/liter	3.4-5.0 mmol/liter	No conversion
RBC (Red blood cell count)	W 3.9 – 5.2 x 106/µL3 M 4.4 – 5.8 x 10 6/µL3	W 3.9 – 5.2 x 1012/L M 4.4 – 5.8 x 10 12/L	No conversion
Sodium	135-145 mmol/liter	135-145 mmol/liter	No conversion
Testosterone, total (morning sample)	W 6-86 ng/dl M 270-1070 ng/dl	W 0.21-2.98 nmol/liter M 9.36-37.10 nmol/liter	x 0.03467
Testosterone, free Age 20-40 Age 41-60 Age 61-80	W 0.6-3.1, M 15.0-40.0 pg/ml W 0.4-2.5, M 13.0-35.0 pg/ml W 0.2-2.0, M 12.0-28.0 pg/ml	W 20.8-107.5, M 520-1387 pmol/liter W 13.9-86.7, M 451-1213 pmol/liter W 6.9-69.3, M 416-971 pmol/liter	x 34.67
Triglicerides (fasting) Normal Borderline High Very high	40-150 mg/dl 150-200 mg/dl 200-500 mg/dl >500 mg/dl	0.45-1.69 mmol/liter 1.69-2.26 mmol/liter 2.26-5.65 mmol/liter >5.65 mmol/liter	x 0.01129
Urea, plasma (BUN)	8-25 mg/dl	2.9-8.9 mmol/liter	x 0.357
Urinalysis - pH Specific gravity	5.0-9.0 1.001-1.035	5.0-9.0 1.001-1.035	No conversion
WBC (White blood cells, leukocytes)	4.5-11.0x10 3 /mm 3	4.5-11.0x10 9 liter	No conversion

Terminology

Units

gram : common measurement of weight. Used in this table: pg (picograms), g (grams), mg (milligrams), etc. per liter
katal (kat) : a unit of catalytic activity, used especially in the chemistry of enzymes. Used in this table: µkat (microkatals), nkat (nanokatals) per liter
micrometer (µm) : a unit of length. Mean Corpuscular Volume is expressed in cubic micrometers
mole : also "gram molecular weight," a quantity based on the atomic weight of the substance. Many test results in the Système Internationale are expressed as the number of moles per liter. In US units, these measurements are usually in grams per liter. Used in this table: mmol (millimoles), µmol, (micromoles), nmol (nanomoles), pmol (picomoles) per liter

Some units of measurement include the following fractions and multipliers:
mega (M) : 10 ⁶ or x1,000,000
kilo (k) : 10 ³ or x1,000
deca or deka : 10 ¹ or x10
deci (d) : 10 ^-1 or ÷10
milli (m) : 10 ^-3 or ÷1,000
micro (µ) : 10 ^-6 or ÷1,000,000
nano (n) : 10 ^-9 or ÷1,000,000,000
pico (p) : 10 ^-12 or ÷1,000,000,000,000

---

This article was provided by AIDS InfoNet.

Kegel Exercises For Men

Kegel Exercises For Men

Kegel exercises

pelvic floor muscle rehabilation

pelvic floor muscle rehabilation

Four Phases of Pelvic Muscle Exercise

Dr. Kegel described four phases in the performance of the exercises:

1. Awareness of the function and co-ordination of the PFM muscle.
   For older adults and persons whose pelvic muscle is severely relaxed, this may take several weeks.
2. Gains over muscle identification, control and strength.
   Muscle strength is the maximal force that can be generated by the PFM. Although the PRM is not flexible, the muscle must adapt to different or changing requirements so the PFM must have contractibility and build force quickly when contracting.
3. Firming, thickening, broadening and bulking of the muscles to increase muscle endurance.
   Muscle endurance is a performance characteristic of the ability of the PFM to execute repeated contractions to an initial level of strength often called a "submaximum" contraction.
4. Improvements of the symptoms indicate that the muscles are strengthening, especially as the ability to feel the muscle contract and relax increases.
   The ability to contract the muscle during the time of leakage (when coughing, sneezing, laughing, on the way to the bathroom) prevents urine loss. At this point some people feel that their incontinence is so improved that regular exercising is no longer needed.

How to Identify the Pelvic Floor Muscle

Individuals have a difficult time identifying and isolating this muscle. Without sufficient information, many men and women may mistakenly bear down or exercise ineffectively. Specifically, women should "draw in" and "lift up" the perivaginal and rectal/anal sphincter muscles. Men should just draw in or tighten the rectal sphincter. Once the person is able to identify the muscle, he or she is instructed to perform a series of "quick flicks" or 2-second contractions followed by sustained (endurance contractions) contractions of 5 seconds and longer as part of a daily exercise regimen. At least 10 seconds of relaxation is recommended between contractions. The individual should aim for a high level of concentrated effort with each pelvic muscle contraction, as greater contraction intensity is associated with improvement in pelvic muscle strength. (Bo et al, 1990; Dougherty et al, 1993)

How Often to Do the Pelvic Muscle Exercises

Individuals are instructed to do the pelvic muscle exercises three times daily and, optimally, to perform the exercises in 3 positions -- lying, sitting and standing. A minimum of 50-60 PMEs per day is recommended. A gradual increase in number of contractions over a period of PME practice has been shown to increase muscle strength significantly and decrease urine loss. The person should be instructed to contract the muscle at the time of the UI episode. (Miller, Ashton-Miller, Delancey, 1996) Contracting it before sneezing, coughing, lifting, standing or swinging a golf club can prevent stress UI from occurring. The muscle also can be contracted when he or she feels a strong urge to void. Results may not occur until after 6-8 weeks of exercise, and optimal results usually take longer.

A large body of medical research has demonstrated the efficacy of behavioral intervention that includes PMEs. The 1996 Guideline on Urinary Incontinence in Adults (Fantl, Newman, Colling, et al, 1996) outlined research showing that PME's are indicated for persons with stress incontinence and can reduce urgency and prevent urge UI. Pelvic floor re-education has proven to be effective in women with sphincter deficiency and detrusor instability. More recent research has supported this claim (AWHONN, 2000a, b; Sampselle, Miller et.al., 1998; Wyman, Fantl et.al., 1998, Burgio, Locher, et.al., 1998; Holtedahl, et.al., 1998; Sampselle, et.al., 2000; Sampselle, et.al., 1998). Burgio, et.al. (1998) reported a mean 80.7% reduction of incontinence in her research of older women with urge UI. Long term studies have demonstrated that improvement persists over time. (Bo, Talseth, 1996)

Practice of PME's in primiparas (women who have given birth to one child) results in fewer UI symptoms during late pregnancy and the postpartum period. (Sampselle, et al, 1998) Behavioral modifications, pelvic muscle rehabilitation and bladder retraining programs have successfully decreased UI in homebound elders. (McDowell, Engberg, et al., 1999 Flynn, et al, 1994) A study of men with urinary incontinence following radical prostate surgery showed that 88% of the treatment group achieved continence in 3 months compared to 56% of the control group. (Van Kampen, et.al, 2000) In addition, a more recent study (Burgio, Locher, Goode, 2000) examined the effects of combining behavioral treatment and drug treatment for urge UI in ambulatory women. The subjects' reduction of incontinence went from a mean 57.5% with behavioral therapy to a mean 88.5% overall reduction with combined behavioral and drug (anticholinergic) treatment. The majority of the PME research used some type of device to teach and train the PFM.

In general, both men and women may experience improvements in continence from a Kegel exercise program.

Health Animation - Prostate enlargement

Health Animation - Prostate enlargement

Health News Report: Aspirin= + Prostate cancer in prevention/treatment?

Health News Report: Aspirin= + Prostate cancer in prevention/treatment?

Green tea plus painkiller slows prostate cancer | Reuters

Green tea plus painkiller slows prostate cancer | Reuters
Reuters Health) - A component of green tea combined with a low dose of a COX-2 inhibitor may act in concert to slow the spread of human prostate cancer.

In the journal Clinical Cancer Research, they report that low doses of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (sold as Celebrex), given along with a green tea polyphenol slowed the growth of prostate cancer in cell cultures and in a mouse model of the disease.

"Celecoxib and green tea have a synergistic effect, each triggering cellular pathways, that, combined, are more powerful than either agent alone," Dr. Hasan Mukhtar from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, said in a statement.

Prior studies have linked the COX-2 enzyme to many cancer types, including prostate cancer. Mukhtar and colleagues previously found that COX-2 inhibitors like Celebrex suppress prostate cancer in animals. COX-2 inhibitors also have been shown to have adverse effects on the heart when taken at high doses for long periods of time.

Mukhtar's team also previously found that the green tea polyphenol called EGCG has cancer-fighting abilities of its own; EGCG, they found, modulates key chemical pathways that fuel the death of human prostate cancer cells.

In their current studies, treatment of cultured human prostate cancer cells with either a COX-2 inhibitor or green tea extract significantly inhibited prostate cancer cell growth, but the combination was most effective, increasing cancer inhibition 15 percent to 28 percent more than the additive effects of the two therapies alone.

Similar results were obtained in a mouse model of human prostate cancer, with the Celebrex plus green tea combination inhibiting the growth of prostate tumors by 81 percent, compared with 42 percent with green tea extract alone and 57 percent with Celebrex alone.

This is the first time a synergism between these agents against prostate cancer cells has been demonstrated, the authors say.

"Prostate cancer typically arises from more than one defect in the cellular mechanics, which means that a single therapeutic might not work fighting a particular cancer long-term," Mukhtar said. "If tests in human trials replicate these results, we could see a powerful combination therapy that is both simple to administer and relatively cost effective."

It's worth noting that the dose of Celebrex used in the studies translates into about 200 milligrams per day, which is much lower than the typical colon cancer prevention trials where doses of up to 800 milligrams per day were used.

SOURCE: Clinical Cancer Research March 1, 2007.